Electrochemistry: potentiostat, galvanostat, EIS, FC test station

 

*


Electrodes - Working, Reference & Counter


Working electrode and accessories

Potential Window of Pt, Hg, Carbon electrodes in aqueous solution

The figure below shows the appropriate materials of the electrodes to research at some potential range. To analyze the redox activity of a substance dissolved in a kind of aqueous electrolyte with certain pH, it is indispensable to consider about electrode's hydrogen over, oxygen over voltage and dissolution potential.

Working electrode selection

 
Choice of working electrode is a vital component for experiment
Electrical chemical reactions should be observed at a wide potential range without influence arises from the electrode itself. Beside that, chemical species' reaction potential have to fall in the potential window of the electrode.

Pt(Platinum) and Au (Gold) electrodes - applied to organic or inorganic substances measurement because they have high over potential for oxygen evolution and low over potential for hydrogen evolution.

Hg(Mercury) electrode - well suited to measure reductionraction because of its high over potential for hydrogen evolution. Hg electrode also can observe the reduction reaction of Zn(zinc) specifically in contrast to other electrodes which would hidden by hydrogen generation.

At the measurement with non-aqueous solvent, hydrogen/oxygen over potential does not affect. Instead of that, decomposition potential of the non-aqueous solvent and support electrolyte comes to an important factor. Furthermore, commingling of water with the non-aqueous solvent makes the potential window narrower by the quantity of the water.

Advantages of using Microelectrodes for CV measurement

  1. Little distortion from dissipation in potential or electrification flow
  2. Combination of PC enables to process at high sweep rate
  3. Analyzable short-lived intermediate in electrode reaction
  4. Measurable without support electrolyte
  5. Excellent measuring accuracy because of little influence of noise arise from electrification flow
  6. Diffusion is smooth enough to obtain stationary state
Figure in right : the result of detection of a chemical product in subsequent reaction. By the fast sweep at 104V/S, the peak (which is shown when the  short-lived intermediate is reduced into the former substance) can be observed before the intermediate vanishes.

Variety, Features and Shapes of Working electrodes

Variety of Working Electrodes Features and Applications
Platinum electrode (PTE) Conventional electrode, which has hydrogen adsorptive wave, used for H2O2 and oxides detection
Gold electrode (AUE) Conventional electrode, which has no hydrogen adsorption wave, used for thiols detection
Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) Chemically stable electrode despite its relatively large over-potentials of oxygen and hydrogen evolutions
Silver electrode (AGE) For cyanide and sulfide detection
Carbon paste electrode (CPE) Mixed with enzyme etc. to make modified electrodes
Nickel electrode (NIE) Chemically modified to detect amino acids
Palladium electrode (PDE) Used to study the process of adsorption and desorption of hydrogen
Plastic formed carbon electrode (PFCE) Its highly-oriented graphite edge is exposed to the surface with cost effective, similar feature of HOPG

List of available working electrodes and accessories

Catalogue No. Description of Product Designation Size
A-010241 Platinum electrode PTE OD:6mm ID:1.6mm
A-010415 Small type Platinum electrode SPTE OD:3mm ID:1.6mm
A-010242 Glassy Carbon electrode GCE OD:6mm ID:3.0mm
A-010243 Glassy Carbon electrode GCE OD:6mm ID:1.0mm
A-010422 Glassy Carbon electrode GCE OD:10mm ID:5.0mm
A-010420 Small type Glassy Carbon electrode SGCE OD:3mm ID:1.0mm
A-010375 Gold electrode AUE OD:6mm ID:1.6mm
A-010416 Small type Gold Electrode SAUE OD:3mm ID:1.6mm
A-010418 Plastic Formed Carbon Electrode-3* PFCE-3 OD:6mm ID:3.0mm
A-010419 Plastic Formed Carbon Electrode-1 * PFCE-1 OD:6mm ID:1.0mm
A-010409 Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode (Basal Plane) PGE OD:6mm ID:3.0mm
A-010410 Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode (Edge Plane) PGE OD:6mm ID:3.0mm
A-010374 Silver Electrode AGE OD:6mm ID:1.6mm
A-010395 Carbon Paste Electrode CPE OD:6mm ID:3.0mm
A-010235 Nickel Electrode NIE OD:6mm ID:1.5mm
A-010236 Copper Electrode CUE OD:6mm ID:1.6mm
A-010586 Iron Electrode FEE OD:6mm ID:1.5mm
A-010231 Palladium Electrode PDE OD:6mm ID:1.6mm
A-010417 Small size Palladium Electrode SPDE OD:3mm ID:1.6mm
A-010397 Small size Carbon Paste Electrode SCPE OD:3mm ID: 1.6mm
A-010407 Platinum Gauze Electrode 80mesh 35×25mm
A-010408 Gold Gauze Electrode 100mesh 35×25mm
A-010371 Micro Platinum Electrode MPTE OD:4mm ID:10μm
A-010376 Micro Platinum Electrode MPTE OD:4mm ID:15μm
A-010369 Micro Platinum Electrode MPTE OD:4mm ID:25μm
A-010373 Micro Platinum Electrode MPTE OD:4mm ID:100μm
A-010370 Micro Gold Electrode MAUE OD:4mm ID:25μm
A-010372 Micro Gold Electrode MAUE OD:4mm ID:10μm
A-010587 Micro Gold Electrode MAUE OD:4mm ID:100μm
A-010232 Micro Carbon Fiber Electrode MCFE OD:4mm ID:7μm
A-010368 Micro Carbon Fiber Electrode MCFE OD:4mm ID:33μm
A-010412 Micro Copper Electrode MCUE OD:4mm ID:25μm
A-010347 Vycor glass rod type OD:3mm length:10cm
A-010348 Vycor glass tube type ID:5.9mm,OD:7mm length:10cm

Plastic Formed Carbon Electrode (PFCE) is created from a collaboration of MITSUBISHI PENCIL CO., LTD and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).


Reference electrodes

Reference electrodes are widely used as for electrochemical measurements (CV, LSV, DPV etc.) and electrochemical devices (electrochemical detectors for HPLC, electrochemical biosensor etc.). Various kinds of them such as aqueous, nonaqueous, calomel and own-constructing types are available.

Catalog No. Description Length(mm) OD(mm) Liquid Conjunction Tip Configuration of Electrode
Applications
A-010248 RE-1B Silver - silver chloride reference electrode 70 6 Vycor glass Ag/AgCl/NaCl
Ag/AgCl Reference electrode for CV
A-010596 RE-1S Silver - silver chloride reference electrode 40 4 Vycor glass Ag/AgCl/NaCl
Ag/AgCl Reference electrode for SECM
A-010386 RE-1C Silver - silver chloride reference electrode 90 6 Ceramics Ag/AgCl/KCl
Ag/AgCl/Saturated KCl Reference electrode
A-010298 RE-3V Silver - silver chloride reference electrode 48 10 Vycor glass Ag/AgCl/NaCl
Ag/AgCl Reference electrode applied to Flow cell
A-010385 RE-2C Reference electrode 90 6 Ceramics Hg/Hg2SO4
Reference electrode, free from influence of chloride ion
A-010244 RE-2B Caromel Reference electrode 90 6 Ceramics Caromel
Available as a standard electrode of reference electrodes
A-012042 RE-7 Non Aqueous reference electrode 70 6 Vycor glass Ag/Ag+/ACN/TBAP
Ag/Ag+ Reference electrode for CV of Non-Aqueous solvent
A-012043 RE-7S Non Aqueous reference electrode 40 4 Vycor glass Ag/Ag+/ACN/TBAP
Ag/Ag+ Reference electrode for SECM(Scanning Electrochemical microscopy)
A-011831 RE-6H Reference electrode Kit available in alkaline solution 90 6 Ceramics Hg/HgO1M NaOH
Reference electrode Kit available in alkaline solution

Reference Electrode potentials at 25C°

NHE(Normal Hydrogen Electrode) 0mV
SCE(Saturated Calomel Electrode) 241mV
SSCE(Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrode) 236mV
Ag/AgCl(Saturated KCl) 199mV
Hg/Hg2SO4(Saturated K2SO4) 640mV

RE-2C Reference Electrode [Catalog No. A-010385]

Developed for the sake of eliminating any influence of chloride ion from measurements. Consists of mercury, mercury sulfate and saturated potassium sulfate solution.

Hg2SO4 + 2e = 2Hg + SO42- E0 = 615mV VS NHE(25°C)

A-010244 RE-2B Calomel Reference electrode
Hg2Cl2 + 2e = 2Hg +2Cl-
E0 = 241mV VS NHE(25°C)
A-010386 RE-1C Silver - silver chloride reference electrode
AgCl + e = Ag+ + Cl-
E0 = 199mV VS NHE(25°C)
RE-2B Calomel Reference electrode and RE-1C Silver - silver chloride reference electrode have the same shape as RE-2C.

RE-7 Non Aqueous reference electrode / RE-7S Non Aqueous reference electrode

New Non-Aqueous Reference electrode RE-7 and RE-7S as successors of former Non-Aqueous Reference electrode RE-5 and RE-5S.

To overcome fear of inner electrolyte's evaporation during their stage or transportation, they are now separated into the body and the inner electrolyte.

Catalog No. Description   Catalog No. Description
A-012042 RE-7 Non Aqueous reference electrode A-012043 RE-7S Non Aqueous reference electrode
Contents Contents
RE-7 Electrolyte solution RE-7 Electrolyte solution
RE-7 Teflon cap with Ag wire (1 pc) RE-7S Teflon cap with Ag wire (1 pc)
Sample holder dia 6mm (1 pc) Sample holder dia 6mm for RE-7S (1 pc)

 

Spare Products
Catalog No. Description Available to
A-012045 RE-7 Electrolyte solution  RE-7 / RE-7S 
A-012059 RE-7 Teflon cap with Ag wire  RE-7 
A-012060 RE-7S Teflon cap with Ag wire  RE-7S 
A-010404 Sample holder dia 6mm (2 pcs)  RE-7 

 

Supporting Electrolyte

Supporting electrolyte is indispensable in electrochemistry. Following terms should be taken into account to choose adequate one for your application:
  1. Soluble enough in solvent
  2. The potential window is wide
  3. No reaction with solvent and sample

Common Support Electrolyte using for organic solvent:

  • TMAP: Tetra methl ammonium perchlorate
  • TBAF: Tetrabutyl ammonium fluorophosphate
  • etc.

Counter electrodes

Please select suitable Counter electrode according to your application and budget. Customization is also available. Please do not hesitate to contact us.

Catalog No. Description
A-010396 Pt Counter Electrode for VC-2
A-010400 5cm Pt Counter Electrode for VC-3
A-010401 23cm Pt Counter Electrode (coiled
   
 

TOP


< Copyright and sales information >